La ciudad heredada del crecimiento desmesurado del pasado siglo es un lugar, de lugares, que debe cambiar su modelo para recuperar el carácter de “civitas” y dejar de ser un espacio inhóspito. No todo aquello construido, no todo aquello donde vivimos, puede considerarse ciudad, se han perdido algunos de los valores fundamentales y se ha dado paso, demasiado frecuentemente, a la especulación inmobiliaria en detrimento de las personas, creando periferias innecesarias.
Hoy nos preocupa planear las grandes ciudades, entendiendo que hemos sobrepasado los límites y hablamos de las metrópolis como territorios sin solución. El problema no está en el gran tamaño sino en volver a reconocer la proximidad. La ciudad del futuro debe ser entendida como un conjunto de barrios y de relaciones, y no como una megaestructura. ¿Por qué no una metrópolis de barrios próximos?
La proximidad será fundamental para el reencuentro y el reuso de nuestro hábitat. La mayoría de los desplazamientos diarios que realizamos son injustos socialmente y son el reflejo de un modelo insano de ciudad. Nos deberíamos preguntar ¿Cómo debe ser la movilidad futura? Y la respuesta más innovadora es que no será necesario movernos, que viviremos en proximidad y que tendremos en nuestro entorno todo aquello que necesitamos para la vida cotidiana. Lo hemos visto en muchos casos, en muchas ciudades durante este tiempo de pandemia y teletrabajo.
En mi opinión, este es el camino que hemos de tomar, hemos de cambiar radicalmente el modelo urbano a través de una nueva pedagogía, más inclusiva y ecológica, que nos devuelva la ciudad como espacio útil para vivir. La ciudad próxima es, sin ninguna duda, un modelo urbano y ecológico para habitar.
Si pensamos la ciudad como una suma de barrios, que deben asimilarse a las células mínimas de funcionamiento urbano, lo primero que debemos es definir cómo son y qué hay en ellos. Serán espacios con características comunes arquitectónicas y urbanísticas, a la vez que unidades básicas de estructura y función de la ciudad y por lo tanto serán los elementos más pequeños que podemos considerar en el territorio.
Un barrio no es una delimitación administrativa, sino un espacio funcional al servicio de la convivencia de las personas. Las primeras consideraciones serán su dimensión y su número de habitantes. Un barrio tendrá una dimensión lógica de proximidad y por lo tanto será un lugar caminable. Poco importa si los desplazamientos son de 10, 15 o 20 minutos, lo que hay que asegurar es que sean para la vida cotidiana. Un barrio será, también, un lugar con densidad de población y de actividades. En este será aceptable aplicar la teoría económica de la “rosquilla” para trabajar con una mentalidad nueva para afrontar retos que en esencia reinventen la forma en que creamos valores y compartirlos desde un principio y así oscilar, sin complejos, entre la base social y el techo tecnológico.
La habitabilidad del lugar es el síntoma principal a tener en cuenta. Un lugar próximo lo es si vivimos en él. La vivienda es el primer objetivo a tener en cuenta. Hay que reutilizar el parque construido, actualizándolo, densificándolo si es necesario y mixtificando sus actividades y usos. Y esto lo debemos aplicar en los centros urbanos y en sus periferias. Cualquier lugar de la ciudad debe reencontrar su potencial y valor independientemente de su posición geográfica. Consideraríamos que los estándares mínimos de proximidad de darán en aquellos territorios donde cada ciudadano disponga de 3/5 equipamientos esenciales cercanos a su vivienda, un verde urbano, con árboles, conectado a la estructura de verdes de la ciudad y una estación de transporte público que le conecte al sistema general urbano.
Las dotaciones nos aseguraran la capacidad de la proximidad. Debemos definir estándares de equipamientos tanto en su vertiente más urbanística, de planificación, como en su vertiente social de servicio. Hay que definir qué equipamientos consideramos esenciales y cuáles han de tener indiscutiblemente carácter público, las edades de uso de cada servicio y la distribución territorial, así como el porcentaje de personas al que dan servicio cada uno de ellos. Hay muchos estándares, debemos ser capaces de tener herramientas para encontrar los apropiados para nuestra ciudad. Por lo general, a mayor distribución sobre el territorio y con una mejor escala intermedia lograremos unos efectos más positivos y regeneradores.
La movilidad interna a cada barrio deberá ser entendida como ecomovilidad si hablamos de un modelo de proximidad, es decir, preferencia absoluta de la gente y entender el volver a caminar como un valor esencial. Ello no nos debe hacer pensar en crear calles peatonales y llenarlas de terrazas de bares, sino en aplicar modelos que signifiquen adoptar escalas mayores a las de la manzana actual y promover los usos mixtos de la calle para que esta no sea exclusivamente un lugar de paso sino un espacio también para estar. Ello nos lleva a pensar en la creación de sistemas y subsistemas urbanos. A la vez que repensamos las redes de transporte público y colectivo para desplazamientos urbanos eficientes. Una ciudad empezaría a ser próxima cuando por lo menos el 50% de la población de cada barrio pueda desarrollar su vida cotidiana en él, sin largos desplazamientos urbanos o interurbanos.
© AL PHT Air Picture TAVISA
La naturaleza, será el tercer parámetro a tener en cuenta y no me refiero a los grandes parques que darán un ecoservicio urbano. Hablamos que aquellos espacios próximos, con árboles y con unas dimensiones modestas, e intermedias a escala urbana, que constituyen una nueva relación con las personas y que pueden reurbanizar espacios que hoy cumplen otras funciones.
Todo ello constituye un cambio de modelo urbano a corto y medio plazo. En el que hay que construir menos y reutilizar más. Debemos pensar en el derecho a vivir en la ciudad y entender este como uno fundamental que nos aproxime a una pedagogía que recupere valores y que enorgullezca a las personas. Hay que equipar la ciudad para que tenga valor y vocación de hábitat y hacerlo con sentido social. Debemos movernos con lógica solamente si es necesario y de manera colectiva y por lo tanto potenciar las redes de transporte público en detrimento del automóvil. Debemos recuperar la calle como el nuevo espacio urbano y convertirla en el paradigma de la ciudad más saludable y por ello hay que abrirla a la gente, quitarle vehículos privados y naturalizarla.
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